Fritz Zwicky looking into space using the then brand-new u003cemu003eSchmidt telescopeu003c/emu003e in 1936. Archive Palomar Observatory/Caltech

Fritz Zwicky: an overlooked Swiss genius

Fritz Zwicky from the canton of Glarus was one of the greatest minds of the 20th century. The story of an overlooked genius.

Katrin Brunner

Katrin Brunner is a self-employed journalist specialising in history and chronicler of Niederweningen.

If Fritz Zwicky’s father Fridolin had got his way, the young Fritz – who was born on 14 February 1898 in the Bulgarian city of Varna – would have taken over the family textile business in Bulgaria. Fridolin Zwicky had emigrated from Mollis in the canton of Glarus to the Black Sea, where he was a merchant, selling items such as Glarner Tüechli (traditional paisley scarves from Glarus). But things turned out differently. At the tender age of six, Fritz’s parents sent him to live with his grandparents in Switzerland, so that he could attend school there. It quickly became clear that the young man would never become a textile merchant. Instead, he turned to science.

Fritz Zwicky went on to study mathematics and experimental physics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. Throughout his life, he was never an easy person to deal with and would frequently exasperate his lecturers with his arrogant and abrasive behaviour. Completing his doctorate in natural sciences at the ETH in 1922 marked the beginning of his long scientific journey.

TV segment on Fritz Zwicky. YouTube

In 1925, at the age of 27, he emigrated to the United States, as he had been invited by the renowned California Institute of Technology (Caltech) to conduct research and work there. He regularly shook up and galvanised the science community, for example, with the discovery of dark matter and his theory on exploding stars, known as supernovae, which he developed with German astrophysicist Walter Baade.

Zwicky’s ideas repeatedly attracted criticism and were derided by many of his peers. But Zwicky stuck to his guns and was right about many things. Even if this was sometimes only proven years or decades later.

**Fritz Zwicky in his office in California in 1947.** ETH Library Zurich

After the end of the Second World War, Fritz Zwicky – who was one of the few scientists in the US who spoke German – received a highly sensitive mission. As military advisor, he was to investigate the Nazis’ missile development stations in Peenemünde and on the island of Usedom. The Americans were keen to catch up with the German technology as soon as possible as the German V2 rockets were better than anything the US had developed at that point. Fritz Zwicky later travelled to Japan to study the impact of the atomic bombs dropped there by the Americans, and was deeply disturbed by the destructive power of the bombs.

But rocket technology continued to fascinate him. The scientist was convinced that the Earth’s gravity could be overcome and to prove it, he wanted to fire an object into space. The test launched in December 1946 and a rocket was fired with six rifle grenades in the head. The grenades were meant to subsequently detonate so that the pellets would be fired into space, beyond the pull of gravity. But the test was unsuccessful as the grenades failed to ignite.

The Nazis’ V2 testing site in Peenemünde, photographed in October 1942 — **The Nazis’ u003cemu003eV2u003c/emu003e testing site in Peenemünde, photographed in October 1942** Wikimedia

Fritz Zwicky was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1949, one of the two highest civilian awards in the US at the time. — **Fritz Zwicky was awarded the u003cemu003ePresidential Medal of Freedomu003c/emu003e in 1949, one of the two highest civilian awards in the US at the time.** ETH Library Zurich

As the US would not provide Zwicky with any more rockets due to cost considerations, he had to abandon this project, although he was convinced that his idea would work. Considered an eccentric, the astrophysicist lived an increasingly isolated existence. He was shunned and underestimated by many of his peers, and his ideas were frequently dismissed. Furthermore, rockets and bombs were quickly consigned to the past in the 1950s as the war was over and people wanted to move on and enjoy their rising living standards.

But all that changed on 4 October 1957, when the Soviets launched Sputnik 1, the world’s first artificial satellite, into orbit, taking the US by surprise.

TV segment on the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957. YouTube

The issues of space and rockets were back on the political agenda and Fritz Zwicky was suddenly in demand again. He was reappointed as a military advisor and all of a sudden test rockets became readily available, as in the US’ eyes, the space race had to be won at all costs.

Just 12 days after the launch of Sputnik 1, Fritz Zwicky fired the first artificial object Artificial Planet No. Zero, an aluminium pellet, into space, and was therefore able to finish what he started in 1946. And Zwicky had already mapped out the next steps in his head: “First we throw something little into the skies. Then a shipload of instruments, then finally ourselves.” He was right, and his theories and analyses played a part in this important chapter of humanity’s forays into space.

‘Earth’s gravity finally beaten’ wrote the daily paper Rochester on 23 November 1957. — **‘Earth’s gravity finally beaten’ wrote the daily paper fromRochester on 23 November 1957.** drewexmachina.com

Fritz Zwicky died in 1974 in Pasadena, California and was buried in his hometown of Mollis in the Swiss canton of Glarus. The list of his discoveries and ideas is long, and there’s not enough space here to mention them all. One thing’s for sure, though: Fritz Zwicky was one of the greatest astrophysicists of the 20th century. He also remains one of the most underappreciated scientists in the world.

More of: 20th / 21st century Research Technology Article

Further posts

A tropical institute to tackle unemployment

Gabriel Heim 04.02.2025 The Swiss Tropical Institute was founded in 1943 out of a fear of post-war unemployment. It was designed to promote the emigration of young people to Africa and the world’s tropical regions.

Test involving insecticides in the garden of the Swiss Tropical Institute during a course on malaria, 1958.

Knocked off his pedestal

Peter Egloff 18.04.2024 In the last-but-one series of Swiss banknotes, the thousand-franc note depicted Auguste Forel as a wise researcher turning his alert gaze on the world, as an icon of science and Helvetic national symbol. But this stylised heroic image failed to stand up to closer investigation. A story illustrating the pitfalls of the culture of commemoration.

Auguste Forel depicted on the thousand-franc note (front) that came into circulation in 1978.

From Obwalden straight to Mars

Andrej Abplanalp 15.01.2018 Maxon Motor from Sachseln equips NASA with electric motors. A success story from central Switzerland.