![The troops of the Union (Northern states) fight against the Confederates (Southern states), Battle of Corinth, October 4, 1862, in the American Civil War.](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titelbild-schlacht-300x192.jpg)
A Swiss Confederate propagandist
The life of Henry Hotze is largely unknown in Switzerland. Born in Zürich, Hotze emigrated to the United States. Later, he became the Confederacy's chief propagandist in Europe during the U.S. Civil War.
A Swiss-Southern Gentleman in Mobile
![Mobile in the 1800s.](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/marine-and-city-hospital-mobile-300x257.jpg)
![Cotton harvest near Montgomery, Alabama, around 1860.](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/picking-cotton-300x253.jpg)
![Photograph of Henry Hotze, undated.](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/henry-hotze2-235x300.jpg)
I consider it therefore established beyond dispute that a certain general physical conformation is productive of corresponding mental characteristics.
![The "Essai sur L'inégalité des Races Humaines", here in the first edition from 1853, is regarded as a fundamental work of racial theory, which later influenced the National Socialist race theory.](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/arthur-de-gobineau-essai-sur-linegalite-des-races-humaines-206x300.jpg)
King Cotton’s Failure and Britain’s Importance
![The "Anaconda Plan", shown here in a caricature from 1861, was the Union's plan to establish a blockade on the sea and the Mississippi River around the southern states in order to defeat them.](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/anaconda-plan-neu-300x250.jpg)
![](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/cotton-is-king-2-241x300.jpg)
![Caricature with John Bull, the personification of Great Britain, annoyed by the civil strife in the U.S. and eager to conduct business with India, Punch, November 16, 1861.](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/punch1861a-0209-300x256.jpg)
![Map showing the "slaveholding" (red) and "free" (green) states of the USA, around 1860.](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/karte-1856-300x227.jpg)
The Confederate’s Chief Propagandist in London
![The first issue of the Index, May 1, 1862.](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/screenshot-2023-12-22-at-11-20-50-the-index-a-weekly-journal-of-politics-literature-and-news-devoted-to-the-exposition-o-195x300.jpg)
I think I may say without conceit that with my connections and my knowledge of the machinery of the press, I can ensure a simultaneous publicity in England and on the Continent, which even the [London] Times cannot equal.
![Even though slavery was officially abolished with the victory of the Northern over the Southern states, racism and discriminatory legislation and practices – for example, in the form of racial segregation in public spaces – continued to exist. Employees in the waiting room of the Public Health Service Dispensary, in Washington, D.C., between 1909 and 1932.](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/waiting-room-300x235.jpg)
![Judah P. Benjamin, 1861. Benjamin had been the first practicing Jew to to be elected to the United States Senate. After serving the Confederacy, he fled to England in 1865, where he worked as a successful barrister.](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/judah-p-184x300.jpg)
![Ruby Senac Hotze, 1867. After Hotze’s death, she would relocate to the United States, working for the U.S. Census Office in Washington, D.C.](https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/ruby-senac-hotze-249x300.jpg)