**Jakob Leonhard allegedly fought against the fascists in the Spanish Civil War. He was convicted in Switzerland on this count. Illustration by Marco Heer.**

Allow me to introduce myself: Leonhard, war hero…

Jakob Leonhard fought against the fascists in the Spanish Civil War. Or did he? The strange story of a Zurich taxi driver who slipped away mysteriously, only to return a hero.

Andrej Abplanalp

Historian and communications chief of the Swiss National Museum.

Around 850 Swiss people, both men and women, voluntarily joined in the fighting in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939. Although essentially a national conflict, the dispute quickly turned into an international problem. Led by General Francisco Franco, the military coup against the democratically elected Popular Front government split Spain and all of Europe into two camps: a conservative right and a socialist-communist left. While the right was vigorously supported by fascists from Italy and National Socialists from Germany, the left was able, in addition to a great deal of ideological and in some cases also financial backing, to mobilise a force composed primarily of volunteers. Among these volunteers was Jakob Leonhard from Zurich.

TV documentary on the Spanish Civil War. YouTube / British Pathé

Jakob Leonhard was born in Zurich in 1897. He had three sisters and one brother and grew up in Zurich. After completing his compulsory schooling, he served an apprenticeship as a mechanic. He later worked as a chauffeur and taxi driver. In 1919 Jakob Leonhard married Frieda Stähli, and the couple had a daughter. Ongoing financial disputes and a relationship with another woman led to their divorce in 1931. This ‘other woman’ was Jda Keller. Shortly afterwards, she became Leonhard’s second wife. But their happiness was short-lived. The pair soon fell out, and a second divorce loomed.

Was the Zurich native always going after the wrong women? Perhaps. However, Jakob Leonhard himself does not seem to have been an easy person to deal with. He had regular dealings with the police. This is documented in his criminal record, which lists Leonhard’s offences dating back to 1916: intentional and negligent bodily harm, brawling, driving too fast, delinquency…

Jakob Leonhard also seemed to find it difficult dealing with workmates. ‘He wasn’t well liked by his colleagues. He had more enemies than friends,’ recalls Hans Raus, for whose taxi company Leonhard worked as a driver for nearly three years. He was concerned only about his own advantage. Still, ‘as a driver I was happy with him’.

**Portrait of Jakob Leonhard in the 1930s.** by courtesy

What prompted this taxi driver from Zurich to take off to Spain in January 1937? Was he fleeing from his second marriage, which was going down the drain? Was Jakob Leonhard no longer able to cope with his life in Switzerland? Was he running from the law? Running away from his lonely worklife? He saw himself as an adventurer and staunch anti-fascist. In any case, that’s how Jakob Leonhard presented himself in a newspaper article in Weltwoche in 1945.

‘It all happened in the utmost secrecy: Geneva-Paris-Cebreros-Barcelona, and straight to the Huesca Front in Catalonia. There I went through my baptism of fire. I was soon entrusted with a machine gun company, with which I was required to engage in skirmishes, combat and quite often fierce battles on an almost daily basis. In spring 1937, a bullet wound to the abdomen left me unfit for front-line service.’

When he returned to Switzerland in 1937, he was tried before a military tribunal, barred from the army and sentenced to seven months’ imprisonment for entering foreign military service. The sentence was later reduced by just under a month to take account of the time he had already spent in pre-trial detention. Leonhard was deeply humiliated, having fought in Spain for freedom and democracy…

‘When I tried one day to return to Spain from Berlin via Lindau, I was arrested in Romanshorn, tried for “undermining Switzerland’s military strength” and subjected to seven months in prison. A wonderful object lesson! I was itching to show that a ‘Spanienfahrer’ (a person who volunteered to fight in Spain) need not be a bad Swiss citizen — on the contrary! It was more my political convictions than a thirst for adventure that drove me to Spain.’

**The ‘hero’ of Spain told his story in Weltwoche magazine in spring 1945.** Swiss Federal Archives

**The brutality of the war was particularly evident at the Battle of Guadalajara in 1937.** Wikimedia

However, the files on the court case paint a different picture. In a number of interrogations, the ‘anti-fascist freedom fighter’ vehemently denied that he had had any part in the Spanish Civil War. Sometimes he was looking for work in the south. Sometimes he was just there for a relaxing break. Sometimes he had fled his broken marriage in Switzerland. Sometimes he was touring the country.

‘I have never been wounded. I never even had a rifle in my hands. I didn’t want to do driver service in the army either. I didn’t want to do any service in Spain at all.’

He even feigned illness to avoid having to join the fighting.

‘At the beginning of March, when the atmosphere in Barcelona was becoming increasingly heavy with revolution, I went to a doctor, told him my whole story and asked his advice. He admitted me to the Cattalena general hospital for appendicitis. I was there continuously from 25 March until 6 July. In reality there was nothing wrong with me.’

**The military court sentenced Jakob Leonhard to seven months’ imprisonment in 1937.** Swiss Federal Archives

So his ‘war wound’ was nothing more than an ordinary appendicectomy scar… Jakob Leonhard was a trickster and a fraud. He wanted to impress the ladies, and the war in Spain was the perfect platform. Everyone was talking about the conflict, and yet in 1937 it was impossible to verify the truth of Leonhard’s statements.

‘I wrote 2 or 3 letters from Spain to Fräulein Künzler. Certainly 1 or 2 from the hospital. I wrote to her that I was in hospital wounded, shot in the stomach. I wrote the same to my wife. Immediately after a bombing raid on Barcelona, I wrote to her that I had been in the fighting in Madrid and that I was now on holiday in Barcelona.’

Postcard as evidence

The authorities generally believed Jakob Leonhard’s claims that he had not been in the war. They even had a doctor confirm that the scar on his abdomen was the result of an appendicectomy. Nevertheless, he was convicted of ‘entering foreign military service’. A postcard he had sent to his wife Jda was sufficient evidence. The card showed him in uniform. On the back, the Swiss man bragged that he was off to join the war the following day: ‘Tomorrow we go to the front. Here I am as a militia man. Greetings, Scheggi.’ He chose not to mention that he only spent a few days in the barracks.

His boasting and his desire to impress women landed him in prison in 1937. In the 1940s, his lies nearly got him executed. But that’s another story…

**In 1937 Leonhard wrote a postcard to his wife, Jda, on which he presented himself as a militiaman.** Swiss Federal Archives

In the second part you’ll find out how fraudster Jakob Leonhard became a double agent who supplied the Nazis with false information, and was sentenced to death for it. For weeks, his life hung by a thread…

More of: 20th / 21st century Politics War/battle Article

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